Realizar búsquedas en bibliotecas es el arte de ser lo suficientemente específico usando un conjunto de herramientas simple. Esta guía te presentará los términos básicos, funciones y limitaciones del sistema de DTL, y te dará algunas herramientas para empezar a crear mejores búsquedas. Es extenso, con mucha explicación y ejemplos. Es posible que no todos quieran o necesiten este nivel de detalle. Si solo quieres empezar o necesitas un repaso, aquí es una excelente y breve guía sobre búsquedas booleanas de las bibliotecas del MIT. Hay instrucciones muy básicas para usar el catálogo e iniciar sesión para acceder a los materiales. aquí. Las instrucciones para acceder a materiales que el DTL no posee son aquí.

¿Por qué esta guía?

El DTL, al igual que la mayoría de los sistemas de bibliotecas y las bases de datos a las que se suscriben, no funciona como una búsqueda en un navegador de Internet. Google y otros navegadores utilizan algoritmos complejos para analizar las palabras que usted escribió en el campo y determinar sinónimos y temas relacionados, a veces haciendo conexiones con su propio historial de Internet. Los resultados que usted obtiene cuando la página termina de cargarse pueden incluir o no las palabras exactas que usted escribió. La búsqueda podría encontrar coincidencias perfectas que usted no sabía que buscar, y podrían limitar sus resultados basándose en factores que no le dicen que están usando, como su ubicación o historial de navegación. Usted incluso puede plantear su búsqueda en Google como una pregunta, y los algoritmos a menudo reconocerán la sintaxis y devolverán resultados que responden a la pregunta.

El DTL no tiene estas capacidades. Puede dar sugerencias limitadas de autocompletado en la barra de búsqueda, pero por lo demás lee exactamente lo que escribiste y busca en los registros disponibles de maneras específicas. La última sección de esta guía ofrece algunos detalles técnicos para ayudarte a entender por qué, pero en su mayor parte esta guía se centrará simplemente en el cómo.

Operadores booleanos básicos

Puntuación y Operadores de Combinación

Behind the Scenes

This section is for people who want to do deep searches, such as finding all or nearly all of the available literature on a topic. It includes a basic description of the technical structures underlying the operations that this guide has already discussed. This provides context for why the catalog works the way it does, which will be helpful as you try to get the most out of it.

Each item in a library catalog has a unique record created using a database cataloging format called machine readable cataloging (MARC). A MARC record consists of many fields whose contents are determined by numbers. For example, field 100 indicates the primary author of a work, and field 245 indicates the title. You won’t see these fields directly, but you can manipulate your searches to make use of them.

Here is a typical DTL catalog record for a book:

A screenshot of a DTL record for Frank Rogers's book Finding God in the Graffiti. There are many different fields showing different types of information about the book.

The place of everything in this record is determined by MARC fields. There are many possible fields, so you may see different categories for different types of items. For example, records for journal articles will not usually include the “Series” category or the publication location that’s near the top. There are also a lot of fields that you aren’t seeing but that the system can still read. When you use the checkboxes to narrow your search on the left side of the results page (not shown in this image), you’re asking the system to read various fields, such as those for date or language, to make exclusions from the list it has already given you.

There are two quirks that an advanced researcher should know about:

  • Although editors and translators are designated by different MARC fields than authors, for convenience all creators will usually appear in the “Author” category in the record, sometimes–but not always–with their actual designation in parentheses after their name. This is important for your citations. Do not rely on the categories as presented in the catalog for accurate citation information. Make sure to look at the item itself to make sure you’re listing authors, editors, translators, publishers, etc., correctly in your footnotes and bibliographies. It is common to find organizations listed in the catalog on the “Author” line, often for things like conference proceedings where the organization simply convened the conference or funded the work, and shouldn’t be cited as a creator.
  • The links in the “Subjects” category are pre-determined headings related to specific MARC fields. They will come up in a general keyword search, but if you click one of the links it will only look for other items with that specific heading designated in a MARC field. That means it will not necessarily find every item associated with that topic, since a librarian or technician had to deliberately choose to include it in the record. Subject headings can be very helpful for browsing and for focusing your searches if you’re getting a lot of irrelevant results, but don’t mistake them for exhaustive lists of everything published on a particular topic. The fact that subject headings are pre-determined makes them poor options for starting your search, because you need to know what the subject heading is called before you can search for it. Further, the way they’re phrased is not always intuitive to specialists in a field, especially if vocabulary or other considerations about the topic have changed since the headings were created. It took years of advocacy by librarians to get the subject heading Illegal aliens changed, and then many libraries had to manually update their records to reflect the change. You can browse the very, very extensive full list of Library of Congress subject headings here (but you can see in the record above that other lists exist, often created by the national libraries of other countries): https://www.loc.gov/aba/publications/FreeLCSH/freelcsh.html